per Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-06132726articleMohammad-Ali Ardestani aghlenab@gmail.com1The combined ascension (spiritual - physical) of Khatam al-Anbiya - peace be upon him - is the word of truth and according to the appearances of the verses, even it is explicit news. This basis has also found a metaphysical analysis, including the theory of existential connection, which is based on the agreement and final connection of the blessed soul of the Holy Prophet Khatam-al Anbia -peace be upon him and his family- with his noble body, because the greatness of the soul depends on the talent and complete readiness of the body and the soul of finality of prophethood, has the utmost power and complete control over the noble body; Therefore, the journey of the soul khatam-al Anbyia -peace be upon him and his family- in the worlds of existence requires the journey of the body and his sensory observations.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42706Khatam- al Anbiya (PBUH) Ascension Physical Spiritual Dreamyper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-061322746articleAbolfazl Afsharipourabolfazl.afsharipoor1334@gmail.com1reza Haidari NoriR.heydarinoori@yahoo.com2reza fahimifahimi.ltr@gmail.com3The issue of determinism and free will is one of the most complex points of theology in the religion of Islam. According to the diverse interpretations of different theological sects and intellectual and religious schools, including mystics, from the verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Prophet; it has been followed different and sometimes contradictory interpretations; to the extent that each of the intellectual societies, including the Ash'arites and Mu’tazilites, have been in constant search to prove their beliefs according to their own intellectual and ideological basis. Meanwhile, Muslim mystics, including Maulana Jalaluddin, due to his great work, Masnavi, mentions one of the strong and convincing reasons in order to prove free will and human will that the use the rational method of the thought power is in absorbing desires and seeking phenomena which is referred to as "common value". By the rational methodology, Rumi seeks to prove the subject of free will and the negation of determinism, and in the light of human free will, he proves the power of thought. The findings of this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library and documentary studies, show that the power of thought in human has been considered as a force to prove the power of free will in Rumi's theology.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42707free free will and determinism Rumi Masnavi Thought Rational Methodologyper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-061324768articleAfsaneh Agha Hassani MahabadiA_A_mahabadi@yahoo.com1reza fahimifahimi.ltr@gmail.com2Manijeh Fallahimahdisfallahj@gmail.com3Saveh Azad UniversityReligious experiences are based on three axes: God, the world and man. The process of human transformation to a transcendental level is a kind of liberation from oneself and presence in society. According to Attar’s opinion, the most important stage in mysticism is immortality in God. During the path to God, seeking the knowledge of the truth, he finds the alchemy of divine love, and by being attracted by the blessings of the Lord, he travels the path of perfection with the desire to be near the truth, until he reaches the stage of immortality in God, to martyrdom, the highest level of human status. The present research, with content analysis, has explained the approaches of Attar in Elahi Nameh, to achieve the stage of immortality for the sake of Allah. The result of the search is that in order to reach the stage of immortality and closeness to the truth, the mystic needs the equipment without which it is not possible to reach this stage, such as : giving up attachment, patience in hardships, silence, the presence of the heart, insight and God's care.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42708Attar conduct way farer immortality in the way of God Elahi Namehper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-061326990articleMasoomeh Hajatihajati55@yahoo.com1Mohammad Akvanmo_akvan2007@yahoo.com2Amir Mohebbianmananoora@gmail.com3Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Department of PhilosophyMachiavelli’s thinking opens a new window of politics on the world. The cornerstone of that world is independence and humanism. Machiavelli is the first political thinker who paves the way for modern political theory by defining the concept of politics as the function of power strategy. Machiavelli’s two main books are The Prince and Discourse of Livy. A study of Machiavelli’s The Prince defines politics in terms of power and law. Due to this reason, he advises politicians to have a strong army and a codified law. A strong army is to protect the territorial integrity and defend the borders of a country and the codified law is to keep people and states under a single flag. For law enforcement, he first recommends the study of history and then the correct conclusions of events to historians and politicians. This is because whoever knows history is in control of the situation of the people. Moreover, this is why historical events are usually repetitive. Machiavelli’s other book, Discourse of Livy, is an instruction for a prince or a president. This article deals with the influence of Machiavelli’s theories on later political behavior in five chapters and a conclusion.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42710politics Machiavelli Renaissance modernity ancient political philosophyper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-0613291122articleSeyyed MohammadKazem HoseiniKazem.h6511@yahoo.com1Faezeh MoghtadaeeFaezehmoghtadaee@yahoo.com2Phd Student in Jurisprudence and Principles of Law, Faculty of Theology, North Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranWomen's Rights and the Issue of Women's Rights in Divorce in the commentaries on verses 228 to 241 of Surah Al-Baqarah, there are common concepts and interpretations between Shiite and Sunni jurists. The two well-known concepts of abstinence in the interpretations of the differences refer to the divorce of the Shari'a and the right of a woman to divorce in times of hardship. The famous word is used 38 times in the Holy Quran, 15 of which are related to family and marriage. In verses 228 to 241 of Surah Al-Baqarah, the famous word is repeated 12 times and emphasizes the importance of rulings such as' iddah, divorce, breastfeeding, etc., so that it does not exceed the shari'ah limits and is treated according to the famous (confirmation of sharia and custom). The legal provisions of the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran are also taken from the verses related to divorce and include the well-known principles in women's rights and divorce and allow the rulers to issue a divorce decree if the conditions for this type of divorce are approved.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42711Ruling Divorce Interpretations of Sects Shiites Sunnis Civil Law of the Islamic Republic of Iranper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-06132123142articleHamid Rezania Shirazihamidrezania@miu.ac.ir1Seyyed Alireza Danaali.dana@gmail.com2Contrary to what some materialists have thought, religions contain different effects and functions. One of the examples of this efficiency in the Shia school is the fatwa of its jurists. By referring to the history, we can see many cases of influence of fatwa and its effects; In the meantime, Mirza Shirazi's fatwa banning tobacco is considered today as a symbol for the crystallization of the power of the fatwa of Shiite jurists. By examining this fatwa, one can understand the wide effects and consequences that a fatwa can create in different strata of society for different times and even different nations. The short and decisive fatwa penetrated the hearts like heavenly verses and created the most glorious people's movement that was unparalleled in history up to that time and led to the Islamic revolution a century later. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and data collection is also documentary. Research findings: 1- The fatwa of jurists, including Mirza Shirazi, is one of the cases of the crystallization of the power of religion. 2- Religion, while influencing various social layers and levels, definitely plays the greatest role in people's lives and is the most powerful form of religious life. It is cultural, social and political. 3- The influence and acceptability of fatwa among people is a sign of the connection between society and religion and the crystallization of social religion. 4- The acceptance of fatwa in society as a divine decree is an indication of the worship of the society in terms of religious orders. 5- Fatwa is also an expression of divine decree. It also affects the lifestyle and popular culture. 6- Society's norms can be formed under the influence of fatwa.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42712Mirza Shirazi fatwa social changes social jurisprudence tobacco banper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-06132143160articleMohammad Reza Zamirizamiri.mr@gmail.com1morteza zamirizamirimorteza@gmail.com2The most important responsibly of waiter (Muntadir) during the time of occultation is constructive anticipation, an anticipation which leads a person to self-construction and community building and frees him from silence and stillness, and strengthens him in preparing himself for the universal government of Imam of the time (aj) in both motivational and behavioral dimensions. The basic condition of preparation for reappearance is purging the society from all kinds of pollution and moral and social abnormalcies. The main question of this research is “what is the function of constructive anticipation in reforming and eliminating social abnormalcies?” After scientific analysis through descriptive and analytical methods and using library and documentary means, it has been concluded that the school of anticipation (Intidar), with having Mahdavi socialization and reinforcement of personality, will battle with existing abnormalcies and then measures will be taken in order to bring balancing as well as structural reformation of abnormalcies of society. And in this regard we have obtained the following analytical model with the explanations which will be mentioned in the text: Anticipation « Mahdavi socialization « Reinforcement of Personality « Battle against and contradiction with existing abnormalcies «controlling and supervising the social abnormalcies «balancing and structural reformation of abnormalcies of society. http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42713Function Anticipation Socialization Social reformation Abnormalcyper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-06132161186articleMohammad Hassan Ghadrdan Qaramalekighadrdang@yahoo.com1The principle of intrinsic and rational beauty and ugliness is considered one of the key theological rules in the two fields of "ontology" and "epistemology". However, the exact explanation of these two rules in both the above fields has been met with ambiguities by theologians and philosophers. In this article, the author, using a rational method and analyzing seven theories of the principle of inherent beauty and ugliness, while evaluating the first six theories, presented a new explanation and interpretation of the theory of inherent beauty and ugliness and called it "formative and expedient beauty and ugliness and the involvement of interests." In the abstraction of beauty and ugliness" he delivered and proved it. Also, at the end of the article, the question of the conflict between the theory of theologians and philosophers is examined and criticized, and the conclusion is that the famous readings of Imami theologians and philosophers are aligned.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42714Shari'i goodness and ugliness inherent goodness and ugliness developmental and relative goodness and ugliness expediency and corruptionper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-06132187206articlehasan mohsenisalehhmhmhm@gmail.com1Mohammad Mohammad rezaiimmrezai@ut.ac.ir2University of TehranThe Distinction theory is one of the most important basics of the Khorasan School of Gnostic Knowledge (Maarif) because it concludes that the obligatory existence is distinct , with a critical approach to philosophical basics, such as the negation of the authenticity between obligatory and possible existence, and its reference to the Distinction theory . In order to understand the mentioned theory in detail, one should refer to the analysis of the relationship between the creator and the creature from the point of view of Mirza Mehdi Esfahani, the founder of the Khorasan School of Gnostic Knowledge (Maarif), therefore the major issue in this article is about the explanation of the above relationship. according to analytical-critical considerations, two opposite perspectives are deduced from his discussions, which originate from the conflict basics of his thought because, on the one hand, it raised distinction between the existence of the creator and the creature on how this connection is made, by believing in the invalidity of philosophical basics, and on the other hand, he treats passively towards philosophical discussions when it comes to explanation of the quality analysis. This research seeks to answer the question: “How is Mirza Mehdi Esfahani's point of view about the issue of the relationship between the existence of the creator and the creature which is focusing on his own works and also one of the foundations of Distinction theory, has been raised?" What is presented in this article is a critical analysis of Distinction theory’s basics, including the relationship between the existence of the creator and the creature.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42715the creator creature Distinction the Khorasan School of Gnostic Knowledge Mirza Mehdi Esfahaniper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-06132207226articleamirabas madavifardaa.mahdavifard@qom.ac.ir1Omid OmidianOmidian.ac@GMAIL.COM2Despite the closeness of the theological foundations of Wahhabi and Jihadist Salafis, the Wahhabism's denial of the inclusion of action in the realization of faith and the jihadists' insistence on the inclusion of action in the realization of faith have placed these two trends of contemporary Salafism against each other in the issue of faith and disbelief. After explaining the place of conflict between Wahhabi and Jihadi Salafis, this article has analyzed the main criticisms of these two Salafi currents in this issue with the method of library analysis. The analysis of the mutual criticisms of Wahhabi and Jihadi Salafists makes it clear that both groups claim to base their beliefs on the Salaf's understanding of the Book and the Sunnah, and at the same time they insist on two completely opposite positions, which is a clear proof of the confusion of intellectual foundations. Contemporary Salafism in general and Wahhabi and Jihadi Salafists in particular. On the other hand, the Wahhabis' comparison of the Jihadists to the Khawarij and the Jihadists' comparison of the Wahhabis to the Marjie means that they clearly understand the invalidity of the Kharijite and Marjie's beliefs, and as a result, both of them have a mixed consensus on their corrupt beliefs. Although Wahhabi scholars, while exonerating themselves from takfirism, often introduce Jihadi Salafis as the promoters of takfirism due to the takfir of the people of sin, but the historical performance of Wahhabi and Jihadi Salafis shows that both spectrums of Kharijites adopted a kind of profession in the issue of faith and disbelief. And they have excommunicated Muslims without logical support. With the difference that the type of takfir of Wahhabism is disbelief in individual religious affairs and the type of takfir of jihadists is generally disbelief in social and governmental affairs.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42716Wahhabi Salafism Jihadi Salafism faith righteous action Salafper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-06132227248articleBatoul Yaralibatyar49@gmail.com1Mohsenn FahimFahimmohsen54@gmail.com2mojtaba jafariMotaba-jafarei@yahoo.com3Assistant Professor, Department of Theology and Islamic Studies, Khomeini Shahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeini Shahr, IranThis essay in the field of philosofy of athics is a comparative research about freedom of will. According to Mullah Sadra, human actions are both voluntary and coercive. In his philosophy, the opposition of causal necessity to free will is one of the most important and ambiguous issues. He proves the freedom of will through practical reason .He accepts a middle way in this case and calls his theory a theory of who are firmly grounded in knowledge. From this point of view, human actions are attributed to themselves on the one hand, and on the other hand, according to monotheism, actions are attributed to God. From Kant's point of view that free will is one of the fundamental foundations of his athics philosophy. He considers the desire for freedom to be inherent in human beings and man, as a rational being, has free will. According to Kant, the human will is a dependent will, but the will of God is a completely independent will. He considers theoretical reason incapable of proving the free will of man, but presupposes it in practical reason. http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42717soul freedom of will theoretical reason autonomy rational being summum bonum Ethical actper Islamic Azad University - Saveh Branch (Islamic Teaching Department)پژوهش‌های اعتقادی کلامی9899-17359899-17352023-06132249273articleAli Akbar YousefiYosefi.adabiat@gmail.com1Naser Mohseni Nian.mohseni1234@gmali.com2Reza Sami Zadehr_samizadeh@ikiu.ac.ir3Mehdi ّFayyazm7.fayyaz37@gmail.com4Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, IranAssistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, IranAssistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, IranExistential conditions are the creations of existentialist philosophers; But other schools of thought have also dealt with it without mentioning the existence of the state. One of these schools is Islamic mysticism, which is considered to be one of the main characteristics of thinking about human beings and human states of being. Human states and existential issues such as happiness, sadness, loneliness, faith, hope, death, etc. have been the subject of many texts of Islamic mysticism. Such issues and topics are among the important human issues and topics, and every human being thinks about them in every place and time and is involved with them. Knowledge of man and his condition is one of the most important topics raised in the works of Muslim mystics. In the works of mystical literature, special attention has been paid to the status, characteristics and condition of human beings as the highest of creations. One of the most important works of Persian mystical literature is the logic of al-Tahir Attar. Throughout this system, detailed references have been made to the characteristics and conditions of human existence, the extraction and explanation of which will lead to a greater understanding of Attar's thoughts and Islamic mysticism. In this essay, with a descriptive and analytical method, after examining the existential issues of man from the point of view of existentialists and Attar, we came to the conclusion that despite the similarity of Attar's opinions with existentialists about man and his existential condition, since Attar has a monotheistic and mystical vision of man and human issues. It looks like there are differences between his thoughts and existentialists. In Attar's thought, the type of existence of a person is the result of his relationship with his God, not just the experiences he acquires during his life.http://kalam.saminatech.ir/Article/42718Existentialism state of being mystical literature Attar Al-Tayr logic