Darwinism and New Atheism: A Critical Analysis with Emphasis on Islamic Philosophy
Subject Areas : کلام اسلامی
1 -
Keywords: New Atheism, Darwinism, Evolutionary Motion, Causality, Science.,
Abstract :
As an emerging and influential phenomenon, New Atheism emphasizes on certain foundations. One of the most important foundations of this movement is Darwinism. Proponents of this movement place as much importance on Darwinism as they do on principles such as scientism and rationalism, and they occasionally defend it. In this article, which is organized in a descriptive-analytical manner, we first familiarize ourselves with Darwinism as reflected in primary sources. Then, relying on the works of new atheists, we will demonstrate how they have utilized the principles of this school to promote their ideas and defend it. Finally, we will attempt to evaluate and critique this highly significant foundation of new atheists. In the critiques presented here, while considering scientific and religious criticisms of this theory, we have also focused on critiques based on Islamic philosophy. The incompatibility of this theory with the theory of evolutionary motion in Islamic philosophy, its inconsistency with the principle of causality, its reliance on tautology without justification, its incompatibility with divine traditions, and its discord with the ethical system in Islam are some of the new critiques leveled against Darwin's theory in this work.
ابن سینا حسین؛ (1404ق) الشفاء، المنطق، الجدل، مراجعه و تقدیم ابراهیم مدکور، تحقیق احمد عواد اهوانی، قم: منشورات مکتبه آیه الله المرعشی النجفی.
ارسطو؛ (1999) النص الکامل لمنطق ارسطو، تحقیق و تقدیم فرید جبر، مراجمعه جیرار جهامی، رفیق العجم، بیروت: دارالفکر اللبنانی.
سبحانی، جعفر؛ (1386) مسائل جدید کلامی، قم: مؤسسه امام صادق.
سحابی، یدالله؛ (بی¬تا) قرآن وتکامل، تهران، رسالت قلم.
شیخ اشراق، یحیی بن حبش؛ (1334) منطق التلویحات، تحقیق و تقدیم علی اکبر قیاض، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
طباطبایی، محمد حسین؛ (بی¬تا) نهایه الحکمه، قم: انتشارات جامعه مدرسین.
فولکیه، پل؛ (1377) فلسفه عمومی، ترجمه یحی مهدوی، تهران: موسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
مصباح یزدی، محمد تقی؛ (1379) آموزش فلسفه، تهران: شرکت چاپ و نشر بین الملل سازمان تبلیغات اسلامی.
مطهر ی، مرتضی؛ (1395) مجموعه آثار استاد شهيد مطهرى، تهران: صدرا.
مطهر ی، مرتضی؛ (1396) مجموعه آثار استاد شهيد مطهرى، تهران: صدرا.
مطهری، مرتضی؛ (1393) مجموعه آثار استاد شهيد مطهرى، تهران: صدرا.
ملاصدرا، محمد؛ (1981) الحکمه المتعالیه، الحکمه المتعالیه فی الاسفار الاربعه، بیروت: دار احیاء التراث العربی.
موریسن، کرسی؛ (1334) راز آفرينش انسان، ترجمه محمد سعیدی، تهران: انتشارات امیر کبیر و اقبال.
مونسما، تجان کلوور؛ (1393) مونسما، اثبات وجود خدا، ترجمه علی اکبر صبا و دیگران، تهران: شرکت انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی.
میردآماد، محمد باقر بن محمد؛ (1385) مصنفات میرداماد: الافق المبین، به اهتمام عبدالله نورانی، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
نصر، سید حسین؛ (1388) نقد نظریه¬ی تکامل داروین، آموزش معارف اسلامی، ش 72.
نصیر الدین طوسی، محمد بن محمد؛ (1395) اساس الاقتباس، تصحیح مدرس رضوی، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
Ayer, Alfred, J. (1949), Language, Truth and Logic, New York, Dover Publications Inc.
Beckner, Morton O., (1967), "Darwinism", in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Ed. Paul Edwards, vol. 2, London, Collier Machmillan Publishers.
Behe, Michael J. (1996), Darwin's Black Box, New York, The Free Press.
Bowler, Peter, J. (1998), 'Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-82)', Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Version 1.0, London and New York, Routledge.
Dennet, Daniel C. (2006), Breaking the Spell- Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, (n.p.), Viking Adult.
Dawkins, Richard, (2006), The God Delusion, London, Bantam Press.
Ebifegha, Michael, (2009), The Darwinian Delusion, the Scientific Myth of Evolutionism, Bloomington, Authorhouse.
Falcon, Andrea, "Aristotle on Causality", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL =
Hanne Anderson, Scientific Method, available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-method/
Harris, Sam, (2010), Moral Landscape, New York etc., Free Press.
Hitchens, Christopher, (2007), God is not Great; How Religion Poisons Everything, Australia and New Zealand, Allen & Unwin.
Hospers, John, (1967), An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis, Prentice – Hall Inc & Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Von, (1992), Discourse on Metaphysics and Monadology, tr. & ed. George R. Montgomery, New York, Prometheus Books.
Lennox, James and Charles H. Pence, "Darwinism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL =
Lloyd, Elisabeth A., (1998), "Theory of Evolution" in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Ed. Edward Craig, London and New York, Routledge.
Macdonald, Graham and Nikhil Krishnan, "Alfred Jules Ayer", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
Millstein, Roberta L., "Evolution", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL =
Morris, Henry, M., Ed. (1981), Scientific Creationism, California, Creation-Life Publishers.
Parker, Gary, (2006), Creation: Facts of Life, Green Forest, AR: Master Books.
Popper, K. (1934). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London, Routledge.
Ree, Jonathan and J.O. Urmson, (2005), The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy, London and New York, Routledge.
Ruse, Michael, (25 June 1981), "Darwin’s Theory: An Exercise in Science,” New Scientist.
Yahha, Harun, (2003), The Collapse of The Theory of Evolution in 20 Questions, New Delhi, Idara Ishaa-e-Diniyat (P) LTD.
https://academic.oup.com/book/5770/chapter-abstract/148951415?redirectedFrom=fulltext
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/speciation/
https://sciencing.com/darwins-four-main-ideas-evolution-8293806.html
https://sciencing.com/main-idea-overproduction-natural-selection-18000.html
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin
https://www.britannica.com/science/Darwinism
https://www.britannica.com/science/mutation-theory
https://www.britannica.com/science/second-law-of-thermodynamics
https://www.britannica.com/science/survival-of-the-fittest
https://www.britannica.com/science/synthetic-theory-of-evolution
https://www.britannica.com/topic/tautology