List of Articles Evil

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  1 - Fakhr al-Din al-Razi on the Role of Satan in Occurrence of Moral Evil
  Akram Salehi رضا اکبری
  According to al-Razi, Satan contributes to the occurrence of moral evil by appealing to temptation (which is reified as void promises, magic, embellishment, etc.). He contends that at times, Satan represents himself as a human being, and at others communicates directly More

  According to al-Razi, Satan contributes to the occurrence of moral evil by appealing to temptation (which is reified as void promises, magic, embellishment, etc.). He contends that at times, Satan represents himself as a human being, and at others communicates directly with intrinsic forces (especially estimation and imagination) and inspires satanic thoughts to individuals by temptation. Satanic thoughts result in individuals' heedlessness and by causing epistemic inversion, deviates the will from the right path. He believes that acquiescence in the Satanic thoughts results from damage to reason, poorness of memory, the appeal to lust and wrath forces, etc. and the appeal to God, wisdom, worship, angels’ help, etc. prevents people from acquiescence in such thoughts. In this article, we aim at finding a new solution to the contemporary problem of evil through the works of al-Razi. We have used the hermeneutical method for extraction of al-Razi’s ideas and the analytical method for the reconstruction of his solution to the problem of evil. Manuscript profile
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  2 - A critical Survey of Mark Maller’s View of Animal Suffering
  Sayed Mahmoud  Musawi Mohammad Molaye
  Animal pain and suffering in the domain of nature are undeniable facts, which give rise to the problem of incompatibility of such facts with divine attributes of omniscience, omnipotence and absolute benevolence of God in Abrahamic faiths. Theologians have endeavored to More

  Animal pain and suffering in the domain of nature are undeniable facts, which give rise to the problem of incompatibility of such facts with divine attributes of omniscience, omnipotence and absolute benevolence of God in Abrahamic faiths. Theologians have endeavored to meet this challenge by both explaining the compatibility and persevering their traditional faith in divine attributes. Mark Maller, however, attempted to solve the problem by reinterpretation of divine attributes and abandoning the orthodox beliefs. The problem with Maller and his like Christian theologians was to rely on nonreligious presumptions rather than on theistic foundations in finding a solution for the problem. The critique of their stance is that one cannot formulate a logical consistent argument by adopting some premises from religious fources and other premises from nonreligious ones. It seems that a holistic view and looking into scriptural thrives can provide a better and more coherent solution for animal suffering. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Satan's suspicious (From the point of view of theology)
  masoumeh saeid
  20.1001.1.98991735.1400.10.37.6.8
  One of the questions raised in the field of belief and based on some theological differences is why God created Satan and gave him a long life to mislead all human beings until the Day of Judgment and if there was no world without evil It was better. This suspicion has More

  One of the questions raised in the field of belief and based on some theological differences is why God created Satan and gave him a long life to mislead all human beings until the Day of Judgment and if there was no world without evil It was better. This suspicion has been raised by the devil himself in a hypothetical debate with angels. We examine it with a descriptive-analytical approach. The answer to this question is to speak of Satan's existence and its existential benefits to man and the material world and the benefits of evil and hardship in life. Also, the reason for giving the devil time off may be to the devil himself and increase his sins Or the reason for this is the emergence of more divine power for all human beings over time and the promotion of human status in the shadow of divine will and test. And what is certain is that all of this can be put together and does not contradict each other. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Importance of the Position of Evil and Good Forces in Zoroastrian Cosmology and Anthropology
  Mansooreh  Eskandari And Al_Hussein Tarighi Behzad Saleki
  20.1001.1.98991735.1400.11.41.3.6
  In the beginning, there was nothing but only Ahura Mazda, the lord of wisdom , who lived in endless light , and his twin Ahriman, the spirit of evil ,who lived in absolute darkness, Between them lay only emptiness. If these two antonym forces hadn,t been against , hum More

  In the beginning, there was nothing but only Ahura Mazda, the lord of wisdom , who lived in endless light , and his twin Ahriman, the spirit of evil ,who lived in absolute darkness, Between them lay only emptiness. If these two antonym forces hadn,t been against , human,s life wouldn,t have had diversity. Also , if this univers had been created only based on one of these forces (good and evil) the life wouldn,t have had meaning. So the contrast between these two antonym forces , has revealed human positions, as these two forces , one force has appeared as the axis of goodness and one force has appeared as the axis of evil. At last the battle good and evil ends by wisdom between of human and the good force is gained vivtory this battle. therefore this present study discus about why Importance of good and evil forces in cosmology and anthropology of the Zoroastrian. Manuscript profile